02 September 2025
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In recent years, the People’s Republic of China has not only expanded its military, economic, and diplomatic reach but has also unleashed a dangerous ideological force within its borders: ultranationalism. At the center of this phenomenon stands President Xi Jinping, who has cultivated and weaponized nationalism to consolidate his power, silence critics, and rally citizens around the Communist Party of China (CPC).
This ultranationalism is not just rhetoric—it has real consequences for China’s domestic governance, its relationships with neighboring countries, and the global balance of power. Understanding Xi’s approach requires examining how nationalism has been transformed into a political tool, why it is becoming increasingly dangerous, and what it means for the world.
What Is Chinese Ultranationalism?
Long ago the CPC has portrayed itself as the guardian of national dignity, reclaiming China’s rightful place as a global power.
But ultranationalism under Xi Jinping is different. It is:
- More aggressive – portraying China not just as a victim of past injustice but as a nation destined to lead the world.
- State-controlled – unlike in democratic societies, Chinese nationalism is carefully managed by the CPC to serve political goals.
- Hostile to dissent – critics of ultranationalist policies are labeled “traitors” or “foreign agents.”
Ultranationalism today is not merely pride in one’s country—it is loyalty to the Party, a justification for expansionism, and a weapon against internal and external opponents.
Xi Jinping’s Role in Shaping Ultranationalism
Xi Jinping has made nationalism a central pillar of his rule.
- The “China Dream”
Xi’s signature slogan, the “China Dream of national rejuvenation,” is not just about economic prosperity—it is about restoring China as a global superpower. It appeals to pride, identity, despising non-Chinese, and collective destiny. - Education and Propaganda
Chinese schools, universities, films, and online platforms now heavily promote patriotic themes. Textbooks emphasize foreign invasions and humiliations, while state media glorify the CPC as the savior of the nation. - Silencing Dissent
Nationalism provides Xi with a shield against domestic criticism. Anyone questioning his policies can be painted as “anti-China.” This creates a political environment where loyalty to the state overrides freedom of thought. - Internet Control
Platforms like Weibo and WeChat amplify ultranationalist voices while censoring moderate or critical ones. Online “patriotic” influencers attack dissenters, creating a climate of fear.
How Ultranationalism Manifests in China
- Against Foreign Governments
- Japan is frequently portrayed as an unrepentant aggressor from World War II.
- The United States is framed as the biggest obstacle to China’s rise.
- India, Vietnam, and the Philippines are depicted as challengers to China’s unrightful claims in border disputes and the South China Sea.
- In Taiwan Policy
Ultranationalism fuels the rhetoric of “reunification by force if necessary.” For Xi, losing Taiwan would be political suicide because ultranationalism demands absolute sovereignty. - In Hong Kong
Protests in Hong Kong were portrayed not as local demands for democracy, but as Western-backed conspiracies against the motherland. This narrative justified Beijing’s harsh crackdown. - In Domestic Politics
Religious minorities like Uyghurs and Tibetans are viewed as threats to unity. Policies in Xinjiang—including surveillance, concentration camps, imprisonment and cultural suppression—are often defended under the banner of nationalism.
Why Ultranationalism Is Dangerous
1. Domestic Repression
Ultranationalism narrows the space for free speech, independent media, and civil society. Citizens who raise legitimate concerns about corruption, inequality, or human rights are silenced as “traitors.” This stifles innovation and increases authoritarian control.
2. Militarization and Expansionism
The PLA’s modernization is often justified as “defending national honor.” Ultranationalism fuels territorial claims in the South China Sea, East China Sea, and Himalayas. This increases the risk of an conflict with neighbors and global powers.
3. Diplomatic Isolation
China’s “wolf warrior diplomacy” is rooted in ultranationalism. Chinese diplomats now aggressively confront foreign governments, often worsening relations. While it may win applause at home, it alienates allies abroad.
4. Economic Risks
Nationalist boycotts against foreign companies (such as South Korean brands during the THAAD missile deployment) harm both foreign investors and Chinese consumers. Economic decisions influenced by pride, not practicality, can destabilize markets.
5. Global Security Concerns
A highly nationalistic China under Xi is more likely to escalate crises. Whether over Taiwan, the South China Sea, or tech rivalry with the U.S., ultranationalism pushes China toward confrontation rather than compromise.
Lessons from History
History offers cautionary tales. Japan in the 1930s, and Germany under Hitler, can spiral into militarism, repression, and war. The similarities of Xi’s China are striking:
- One leader elevated as the embodiment of the nation
- Suppression of dissent in the name of unity
- Glorification of past suffering to justify present aggression
What the World Should Watch For
- Taiwan Crisis – Nationalism could push China into a military conflict, even at great cost.
- South China Sea Standoffs – Ultranationalism leaves little room for negotiation.
- Public Opinion as a Weapon – Xi may use nationalist outrage to pressure foreign governments.
- Succession Struggles – If Xi ever loses power, his ultranationalist legacy may make future leaders even more aggressive to prove their legitimacy.
